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Manual Testing Interview Questions and Answers will guide that Manual Testing is the process of manually testing software for defects. It requires a tester to play the role of an end user, and use most of all features of the application to ensure correct behavior. To ensure completeness of testing, the tester often follows a written test plan that leads them through a set of important test cases. So learn more about Manual Testing with this Manual Testing Interview Questions with Answers guide 48 Manual Testing Questions and Answers. Bidirectional traceability needs to be implemented both forward and backward (i.e., from requirements to end products and from end product back to requirements).When the requirements are managed well, traceability can be established from the source requirement to its lower level requirements and from the lower level requirements back to their source. Such bidirectional traceability helps determine that all source requirements have been completely addressed and that all lower level requirements can be traced to a valid source.

Web-based applications present new challenges, these challenges include:- Short release cycles;- Constantly Changing Technology;- Possible huge number of users during initial website launch;- Inability to control the user's running environment;- 24-hour availability of the web site.The quality of a website must be evident from the Onset. Any difficulty whether in response time, accuracy of information, or ease of use-will compel the user to click to a competitor's site. Such problems translate into lost of users, lost sales, and poor company image.To overcome these types of problems, use the following techniques:1. Functionality TestingFunctionality testing involves making Sure the features that most affect user interactions work properly. These include: forms searches pop-up windows shopping carts online payments2.

Usability TestingMany users have low tolerance for anything that is difficult to use or that does not work. A user's first impression of the site is important, and many websites have become cluttered with an increasing number of features. For general-use websites frustrated users can easily click over a competitor's site.Usability testing involves following main steps identify the website's purpose; identify the indented users; define tests and conduct the usability testing analyze the acquired information3. Navigation TestingGood Navigation is an essential part of a website, especially those that are complex and provide a lot of information. Assessing navigation is a major part of usability Testing.4. Forms TestingWebsites that use forms need tests to ensure that each field works properly and that the forms posts all data as intended by the designer.5. Page Content TestingEach web page must be tested for correct content from the user perspective for correct content from the user perspective.

These tests fall into two categories: ensuring that each component functions correctly and ensuring that the content of each is correct.6. Configuration and Compatibility testingA key challenge for web applications is ensuring that the user sees a web page as the designer intended.

The user can select different browser software and browser options, use different network software and on-line service, and run other concurrent applications. We execute the application under every browser/platform combination to ensure the web sites work properly under various environments.7. Reliability and Availability TestingA key requirement o a website is that it Be available whenever the user requests it, after 24-hours a day, every day.

The number of users accessing web site simultaneously may also affect the site's availability.8. Performance TestingPerformance Testing, which evaluates System performance under normal and heavy usage, is crucial to success of any web application. A system that takes for long to respond may frustrate the user who can then quickly move to a competitor's site.

Given enough time, every page request will eventually be delivered. Performance testing seeks to ensure that the website server responds to browser requests within defined parameters.9. Load TestingThe purpose of Load testing is to model real world experiences, typically by generating many simultaneous users accessing the website. We use automation tools to increases the ability to conduct a valid load test, because it emulates thousand of users by sending simultaneous requests to the application or the server.10.

Stress TestingStress Testing consists of subjecting the system to varying and maximum loads to evaluate the resulting performance. We use automated test tools to simulate loads on website and execute the tests continuously for several hours or days.11. Security TestingSecurity is a primary concern when communicating and conducting business- especially sensitive and business- critical transactions - over the internet.

The user wants assurance that personal and financial information is secure. Finding the vulnerabilities in an application that would grant an unauthorized user access to the system is important.

• Top Manual Testing Interview Questions

Are you preparing to get your dream job as a Manual Tester? Or, merely planning to switch to being a Manual Tester? In this article, we’re going to look at some of the frequently asked software testing interview questions that you can expect to be coming your way during a testing interview for the role of a Manual Tester.

In addition to these concept-based questions, there would be a requirement for a (or maybe multiple) coding test(s).

Top Manual Testing Interview Questions

So, keep up your programming practice for the manual testing interview questions. If you wish to hone your testing skills further, here are some of the best manual testing interview questions and answers

Question: How would you define Manual Testing?

Answer: Software testing is a validation process that makes sure a system works as per the business requirements. It evaluates and qualifies a system on various aspects such as accuracy, completeness, usability, efficiency, and more.

Question: Explain “use-case testing”?

Answer: 'Use case' is used to identify and execute the functional requirement of an application from start to finish, and the technique used to do this is known as 'Use Case Testing.'

Question: Define Static Testing?

Answer: One of the white box testing techniques, that with the help of a checklist, directs developers to verify their code to find errors in it. Developers can start static testing without finalizing the program or application. Static testing is cost-effective than dynamic testing as it conceals more areas than dynamic testing in a shorter time.

Question: Distinguish between Static Testing and Dynamic Testing?

Answer:

Question: State the difference between STLC and SDLC.

Answer: STLC deales with verification and validation of the software while SDLC deals with the development/coding of the software.

Question: What is Test coverage?

Answer: Test coverage is a quality metric that represents the percentage amount of testing completed for a product. It is relevant for both non-functional and functional testing activities. The metric is used to add missing test cases.

Question: Can system testing be done at any stage?

Answer: No, we cannot do system testing at any stage, it must start only if all modules work correctly and are in place, but it should be performed before UAT (user acceptance testing).

Question: What are the different kinds of software testing?

Answer: Manual testers use the following kinds of Software testing:

1. Unit testing
2. Integration testing
3. Regression testing
4. Shakeout testing
5. Smoke testing
6. Functional testing
7. Performance testing
1. Load testing
2. Stress testing
3. Endurance testing
8. White-box and Black-box testing
9. Alpha and Beta testing
10. System testing

Question: What is agile testing and what is its importance?

Answer: Agile testing evaluates software from the perspective of the customer. Its importance is that it does not require the development team to complete coding for starting QA. Instead, testing and coding go hand in hand. However, it may require continuous customer interaction.

Question: What is to be done when bug turns up during testing?

Answer: We can follow the below steps when there is bug encountered while testing:

• Run more tests to confirm that there is a clear description of the problem.
• Ensuring that the same problem doesn’t exist with different inputs by running a few more tests.
• Once we are certain about the full scope of the bug, we can add details and report it.

Question: What to do when a bug is encountered?

Answer: After finding the bug, the first thing is to lock the bug in the bug report. Then this bug needs to be assigned and communicated to developers who can fix it. After the developer fixes the bug, fixes must be re-tested, and determinations must be made regarding requirements for regression testing to make sure that fixes didn’t create problems elsewhere.

Question: What do you mean by Exploratory Testing?

Answer: Exploratory testing is testing an application without a test plan and test script. In exploring the testing test, explore the application based on the tester's knowledge as the tester does not know the application previously. Tester explores the application like an end-user and tries to use it. While using the application, his main motive is to find the bugs which are in the application.

Question: What is white boxing testing, also mention its types?

Answer: White box testing technique involves the selection of test cases based on an analysis of the internal structure i.e., code coverage, branches coverage, paths coverage, condition coverage, and more, of a system or a component. It is also referred to as Structural testing or Code-Based testing. Different types of white box testing are

1. Statement Coverage
2. Decision Coverage

Question: What is verified in white box testing?

Answer: The white box testing following verifies the following:

1. The security holes in the code
2. The broken or incomplete paths in the code
3. The flow of structure as per the document specification
4. The expected outputs
5. All conditional loops in the code that checks the complete functionality of the application
6. The line by line coding and cover testing

Question: Explain black box testing and what are the different black box testing techniques?

Answer: Black box testing is the testing method that involves testing the software without knowing the internal structure of the program or code. This testing is usually checking the functionality of an application.

Black box testing techniques are

1. Equivalence Partitioning
2. Boundary value analysis
3. Cause-effect graphing

Question: What are verification and validation?

Answer: The verification process involves evaluating software in the development phase. It helps the tester to decide whether the product of a given application satisfies the specific requirements.

The validation process involves evaluating software after the development process and to check whether it meets the customer requirements.

Question: Distinguish between System Testing and UAT(User Acceptance Testing)

Answer: UAT: User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is a process of running a product through a series of specific tests, thereby determining whether the product will meet the needs of its users.

System Testing: Also known as end-to-end testing, is finding defects when the system undergoes testing as a whole, In such type of testing, the application suffers from beginning till the end.

Question: Define mutation testing?

Answer: The technique to identify if a set of test cases is useful by intentionally introducing various bugs and retesting with original test cases to determine if the bugs are detected.

Question: Mention the categories of debugging?

Answer: Categories for debugging are:

1. Brute force debugging
2. Backtracking
3. Cause elimination
4. Program Slicing
5. Fault tree analysis

Question: What is the testing type and what are the commonly used testing types?

Answer: Testing type is a standard procedure is followed to get an expected test outcome.

Commonly used testing types are:

• Unit Testing: To test the smallest code of an application.
• API Testing: Tests the created API for the application.
• Integration Testing: Combines the individual software modules and tests them.
• System Testing: Tests the complete system.
• Install/Uninstall Testing: Testing done from the perspective of client/customer view
• Agile Testing: Testing through Agile technique

Question: List the key challenges of software testing?

Answer: Some of the challenges of software testing are:

• Availability of standard documents and resources
• to understand the application
• Shortage of skilled testers
• Understanding the requirements: Testers require excellent understanding and listening capabilities to be able to communicate with the customers about the conditions.
• The ability to analyze when to stop testing
• Ability to work under time constraints
• Ability to make the decisions
• Using an optimized number of test cases and testing the entire application

Question: What are the functional test cases and non-functional test cases?

Answer: Functional testing defines as testing the ‘functionality’ of a software or an application under review. The software is examined as per client requirements. A document called as s requirement specification or software specification is used as a guide to testing the application.

Question: What is Non-functional testing?

Answer: When an application works as per the user’s expectation, efficiently and smoothly under any condition, then it is a reliable application. It is critical to test these parameters based on the quality; this process is called non-functional testing.

Question: Differentiate between error, bug, and defect

Answer: A slip in coding is an error. A defect is an error spotted by a manual tester. The defect which is admitted by the development team is known as a bug. Functional failure occurs when a built code misses on the requirement.

Question: Differentiate between quality assurance, quality control, and manual testing.

Answer: A systematic and planned way of monitoring the quality of the process, which is followed to produce a quality product, refers to Quality Testing(QA). QA modifies the process tracks the test reports to meet the expectations of the project.

Quality Control (QC) is about the quality of the product. QC suggests improvements apart from finding defects. Hence, QC implements the process set by QA. The testing team is responsible for quality control.

The software testing process ensures that the product which is developed by developers meets the requirements of the user. The testing aims to find bugs and to get them fixed by the development team, thereby maintaining the quality of the product to be delivered to the customer.

Question: What are drivers and stubs in manual testing?

Answer: Drivers and stubs are part of incremental testing. Incremental testing consists of two approaches, namely the bottom-up and top-down approach. Drivers are used in bottom-up testing, and the stub is used for a top-down approach. The stub, which is a dummy code or program is used to test the main module.

Question: What are the difference between test cases, test scenarios, and test script?

Answer: Golf digest hot list2018 super game improvement irons.

Test Cases: A document that contains the steps to be executed. A test case document is already planned and contains edge cases.

Test Scenarios: Any functionality that can be tested is a test scenario. It is also called Test Possibility or Test Condition.

Test Script: It is a short coded program used to test part of the functionality of the software system. In short, a written set of steps that should be performed manually.

Question: Explain the Latent defect? How is it different from Masked defect?

Answer: The latent defect also called hidden defect it is an existing defect in the system which might cause failure or malfunction but is not discoverable through general inspection

Masked defect: A defect that exists but has not caused a failure yet as another defect prevents that part of the code from being executed

Question: What is the test deliverable? Explain

Answer: Test deliverables are a set of tools, documents, and components that are maintained and developed in support of test

There are different test deliverables at every phase of the software development lifecycle

• Before Testing
• During Testing
• After the Testing

Question: What is a test plan and what information it covers?

Answer: A document that describes the approach, scope, resources, and schedule of testing activities is a test plan.

Following details must be covered in the test plan:

• Test Strategy
• Test Objective
• Exit/Suspension Criteria
• Resource Planning
• Test Deliverables

Question: Lists the common risks that lead to project failure

Answer: Enlisted are the common risks that lead to project failure:

• Not having enough human resource
• Testing Environment may not be set up properly
• Limited Budget
• Time Limitations

Question: What does a test report contain and what are the benefits of a test report?

Answer: A test report consists of the following:

• Test Objective
• Project Information
• Defect
• Test Summary

Following are the benefits of test reports:

• Informs current status of quality of product and project
• Allows customers and stakeholders to take corrective action
• A final document decides if the product is ready for release

Question: What is the function of “phantom” as a manual testing tool?

Answer: Phantom is a freeware used by windows GUI automation scripting language. It allows the user to take control of functions and windows automatically by simulating any combination of mouse clicks and keystrokes as well as menus, lists, and more.

Question: What is the difference between bug leakage and bug release?

Answer:

Bug leakage: When the bug is discovered by the end-user and is missed by the testing team to detect at the time of testing is the Bug leakage. The defect that exists in the application and not detected by the tester and is eventually found by the user.

Bug release: When a particular version of the software is released with a set of known bug(s) is called bug release. These bugs are of low priority. Bug release is done when a software company can afford the existence of bugs in the released software but not the time/cost for fixing it in that particular version.

Question: What is the difference between performance testing and monkey testing?

Answer: Performance testing checks the scalability, speed, and stability characteristics of the system. Performance is identified with achieving throughput, response time, and resource-utilization levels that meet the performance objectives for a project.

Monkey testing is a technique in software testing that allows the user to test the application and checks its behavior by providing random inputs.

Question: Explain the difference between Test Matrix and Traceability Matrix.

Answer:

Test Matrix: Test matrix captures actual quality, effort, the plan, resources and time required to capture all phases of software testing

Traceability Matrix: Traceability Matrix involves mapping between test cases and customer requirements.

Question: Differentiate the below-mentioned techniques as static or dynamic:

• Equivalence Partitioning.
• Use Case Testing.
• Data Flow Analysis.
• Exploratory Testing.
• Decision Testing.
• Inspections

Answer:

Static

• Data Flow Analysis.
• Inspections

Dynamic

• Equivalence Partitioning.
• Use Case Testing.
• Data Flow Analysis.
• Exploratory Testing.
• Decision Testing.
• Inspections

Question: What is positive and negative testing?

Answer: Positive testing is when tester puts in a valid input and expects some action to be completed in accordance with the specification whereas a negative test is when you put in an invalid input and receives errors.

Question: When must testing be stopped?

Answer: Stopping the testing depends on the risks for the system under testing.

There are some criteria based on which you can stop testing.

1. Deadlines (Testing, Release)
2. Test budget has been depleted
3. Bug rate fall below a certain level
4. Test cases completed with certain percentage passed
5. Alpha or beta periods for testing ends
6. Coverage of code, functionality or requirements are met to a specified point

Question: Define equivalence partition testing?

Answer: Dividing of application input test data into each partition from which we derive test cases defined as the equivalence partitioning technique. Using this technique reduces the testing time.

Question: What is decision-table testing and why it is important?

Answer: Testing systems where the specification takes the form of cause-effect combinations or rules, use decision table testing. A decision table lists the input in a column, with the outputs below the input in the same column. The remainder of the table explores combinations of inputs to define the outputs produced.

Reasons, why the decision table is important, are:

• Decision tables are helpful in test design techniques.
• It provides a regular way of stating complex business rules which benefit the developers as well as the testers.
• It assists in the development process with the developer to do a better job. Testing with all combinations might be impractical.
• It is the most preferred choice for testing and requirements management.
• It is a structured exercise to prepare requirements when dealing with complex business rules.
• It is used in complicated model logic.

Summary

You need to be confident while giving the interview. A simple no is better than giving some random non-answer and adding unnecessary details if you do not know the answer to any question asked. Candidates that are straightforward and honest are preferred over those pretending to be know-it-alls!

Further, don’t disburse your details until you are asked. The interviewer is more interested in knowing you as a technical person. So, all the very best! Do let us know the Manual Testing Interview questions you faced in the interview that are not covered here so that we can add those here for the benefit of the Testing community.

The questions are most frequently asked in manual testing interview. Share with your friends or anyone who is preparing for an interview to be a software tester.

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